Questions? Call +1 800 983 6192
A Proven Process for Inclusive Excellence
Mental health stigma and discrimination exist in many forms and produce negative effects on people with mental health conditions. Learn ways to change this and find resources that can help.
The demand for mental health is increasing. The number of individuals seeking help through traditional and online therapy is increasing, according to the American Psychological Association’s Practitioner Impact Survey. What’s more, people are reporting more severe mental health condition symptoms, the survey found.
Yet negative feelings about people with mental illness remain. The National Alliance on Mental Health (NAMI) defines these feelings as stigma, and says this can profoundly affect individuals and reduce their likelihood of reaching out for support. Here, we provide examples of mental health stigma and its consequences while sharing expert solutions for reducing and eventually eliminating the problem.
According to the American Psychiatric Association, mental health stigma stems from a lack of understanding and mischaracterizations of mental illness in the media. The American Psychiatric Association describes three different types of mental health stigma: public stigma, self-stigma, and institutional stigma.
Public stigma refers to negative attitudes and discrimination against individuals with mental illness. Public mental health stigma leads to stereotypes and prejudice toward individuals with mental health disorders. For example, those with mental health illnesses may be considered a threat, unreliable, incapable, and responsible for their disorder.
Self-stigma involves negative feelings, including shame, that people with mental health conditions feel about themselves. They internalize and believe public perceptions about them and feel they are to blame for their problems.
Institutional stigma refers to government and organizational policies restricting the rights and opportunities of those with mental health conditions. Institutional stigma around mental health results in poor funding for mental health resources and fewer work and housing opportunities for people with mental health conditions.
According to NAMI, stigma negatively affects nearly 1 in 5 Americans with mental health conditions. Feelings of shame and isolation add to the mental illness burden and can inhibit efforts to seek professional help. The American Psychiatric Association says self-stigma negatively impacts those affected by severe mental illness by:
The Mental Health Foundation in the United Kingdom observed that people with mental health conditions were less likely to have a job, be in a stable relationship, reside in adequate housing, and be socially accepted. An analysis of two McKinsey & Company surveys conducted in 2020 about the effects of mental illness stigma, and how it can exacerbate existing mental health conditions, found far-reaching consequences in the workplace. These included things like lower productivity levels and the following statistics:
When feelings associated with the stigma around mental health become negative, they cross into mental health discrimination. According to a Lancet Commission report published in October 2022, the impacts of mental health discrimination can affect all areas of a person’s life, with consequences that are often underestimated.
The Lancet report found that people affected by mental illness stigma experienced discrimination in various areas of their lives, such as social settings, school, work, and relationships. As a result, feelings of loneliness, shame, and isolation increased, worsening mental health conditions and increasing reluctance to seek help. The tendency to avoid treatment is most common among minorities, young people, those living with parents, military personnel, and health professionals.
According to an American Psychiatric Association public opinion poll of 1,005 U.S. adults in April 2019, more than 1 in 3 workers in the United States are concerned about retaliation or being fired if they seek mental health care. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission encourages workers who suspect workplace discrimination to file a discrimination charge with the Commission or with their state or local Fair Employment Practice Agency, since the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 protect people with mental health disabilities from discrimination and harassment at work.
It isn't just people with mental health conditions who experience the effects of stigma — the professionals who care for them do as well. A study published in January 2023 by the International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences found a high degree of evidence that the public and other healthcare providers held unfavorable views of mental health professionals. The effects of this stigma on mental health professionals include:
Young people with mental health conditions report experiencing common stigma around their diagnosis. According to a Lancet Commission report published in October 2022, students reported negative feelings from school staff, such as fear, dislike, and not believing in their abilities. As a result, students often felt excluded from school and community activities.
Stigma surrounding depression decreased for the first time between 1996 and 2018, according to a study published in JAMA. The findings may be evidence of a historic change in the way mental health issues are viewed by the public, but experts caution that stigma remains a barrier for many people who need help.
The American Psychiatric Association offers the following tips to professionals for reducing mental health stigma:
There are things employers can do to eliminate mental health stigma, too. The Lancet Commission report provided the following recommendations:
Several organizations dedicated to helping combat mental health stigma and discrimination exist. Some examples include the following:
Mental health stigma exists at the public, personal, and institutional levels. These attitudes have negative effects on individuals in need of mental health care and their communities. The more we understand mental health issues, the more we realize how society can become part of the solution.
Yes, for depression the mental health stigma decreased for the first time between 1996 and 2018, according to a study published in December 2021 JAMA. Yet the mental health stigma associated with anxiety, PTSD, and bipolar disorder remained stagnant.
Mental health stigma can worsen symptoms, including anxiety, and act as a barrier to receiving treatment.
Everyday Health follows strict sourcing guidelines to ensure the accuracy of its content, outlined in our editorial policy. We use only trustworthy sources, including peer-reviewed studies, board-certified medical experts, patients with lived experience, and information from top institutions.
This Everyday Health article is republished with permission
Institute for Diversity Certification (IDC)®
7230 Arbuckle Commons - Suite 134
Brownsburg, IN 46112
1-800-983-6192
Share On: